r..^ 


RESEARCH  IN  CHINA 


EXPEDITION  OF   1903-04,  UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OF  BAILEY  WILLIS 


Syllabary   of   Chinese   Sounds 


by 


FRIEDRICH  HIRTH 


[Extracted  from  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington   Publication  No.  54, 
Research  in  China,  Volume  I,  Part  II,  pages  511-528.] 


WASHINGTON,  D.  C. : 

Published  by  the  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington 

June,   1907 


RESEARCH  IN  CHINA 


EXPEDITION  OF   1903-04,  UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OF  BAILEY  WILLIS 


Syllabary  of   Chinese   Sounds 


by 


FRIEDRICH  HIRTH 


[Extracted  from  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington   Publication  No.  54, 
Research  in  China,  Volume  I,  Part  II,  pages  511-528.] 


WASHINGTON,  D.  C : 

Published  by  the  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington 

June,  1907 


/ 


"oS 


fAAM 

SYLLABARY  FOR  THE  TRANSCRIPTION  OF  CHINESE  SOUNDS  IN  THE  DIALECT 
OF  PEKING  MODIFIED  FOR  LITERARY  PURPOSES. 


By  Dr.  Friedrich  Hirth, 
Professor  of  Chinese,  Columbia  University,  New  York  City. 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  subjoined  Syllabary  is  mutatis  mutandis  identical  with  the  "Tabelle 
fur  die  L,aute  des  Chinesischen  im  Mandarin-Dialecte,"  submitted  by  me 
to  the  Far-Eastern  Section  of  the  XIII  International  Congress  of  Orien- 
talists held  at  Hamburg  in  September,  1902.*  From  this  table  I  have 
reproduced  all  the  essential  parts;  but  under  column  I  (spelling  in  Williams' 
Dictionary)  I  have  added  one  of  the  Chinese  characters  representing  each 
group  of  sound;  in  column  II  (my  own  spelling)  I  have,  in  order  to  accommo- 
date readers  of  English,  changed  the  German  initials  sch  and  tsch  into 
sh  and  ch,  and  in  column  III  I  have  added  the  corresponding  sounds  in 
Wade's  orthography  of  the  Peking  Dialect. 

My  own  spelling,  as  represented  in  column  II,  is  merely  a  compromise 
between  Williams'  and  Wade's  Syllabaries,  to  which  I  have  added  a  few 
changes  to  be  explained  hereafter.  The  idea  is  not  my  own,  but  I  have 
followed  the  precedent  set  by  Dr.  E.  Bretschneider,  who  in  his  well-known 
works  ("Botanicon  Sinicum,"  "Mediaeval  Researches,"  etc.)  made  free 
use  of  Wade's  system,  while  retaining  the  old  Chinese  standard  initials 
k,  ts,  h,  and  5  before  i  and  u  as  appearing  in  Williams'  list  of  sounds  against 
ch  and  hs  in  the  Peking  Dialect. 

To  be  consistent,  the  maker  of  a  map  of  China  favoring  the  Peking 
orthography  would  have  to  spell  Chiang-hsi  for  Kiang-si,  Nan-ching  for 
Nan-king,  or  Fu-chien  for  Fu-kien,  and  to  please  such  writers  we  ought 
to  look  upon  the  greater  part  of  the  existing  maps  and  charts  containing 
Chinese  names  and  a  host  of  valuable  books  on  China  as  obsolete.  Peking 
spelling  is,  of  course,  a  comfort  to  those  who  speak  or  study  the  dialect, 
but  it  does  not  lend  itself  to  literary  purposes.  Sir  Thomas  Wade,  who 
invented  the  system  now  applied  to  the  Peking  vernacular,  wished  it  him- 
self to  be  confined  to  that  purpose  and  did  not  want  it  "even  to  profess 

*  Published  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Congress  and  reprinted  in  Prof.  H.  Cordier's  Report,  "Les 
eludes  chinoises,"  1899-1902,  T'oung  pao,  1903,  pp.  38-45,  and  Beitrdge  zur  Kenntniss  des  Orients,  vol.  I, 
Munchen,i903. 

5« 


159877 


512  RESEARCH   IN   CHINA. 

to  represent,  or  supplant,  the  standard  or  established  pronunciation  of 
the  Mandarin  language."* 

The  following  examples  representing  syllables  familiar  to  students  of 
Chinese  geography  or  history  will  illustrate  the  difference  in  the  standard 
spelling  which  has  been  sanctioned  by  tradition  and  the  Peking  ortho- 
graphy: 

1 1  Standard  Mandarin.  Peking  Dialect  {Wade). 

kiang,  river    chiang 

kin,  gold chin 

Ts'in,  name  of  a  dynasty Ch'in 

king,  capital eking 

k'iau,  bridge ck'iao 

kia,  family chia 

K'ien-lung,  Emperor's  name Ch'ien-lung 

Kia-k'  ing,  "  "        Chia-ch'ing 

K'ang-hi,  "  "       K'ang-hsi 

si,  West hsi 

Men,  a  district hsien 

pa-sien,  the  Eight  Fairies pa-ksien 

hiau,  filial hsiao 

siau,  small hsiao 

Kiu-kiang  (Kewkeang) Chiu-chiang 

In  making  use  of  the  spelling  shown  in  the  subjoined  Syllabary,  Wil- 
liams' "Syllabic  Dictionary  of  the  Chinese  Language"  may  serve  as  a 
key.  By  looking  up  in  it  the  Chinese  characters  to  be  transcribed  the 
sound  appearing  in  column  I  (Williams)  may  be  ascertained,  while  columns 
II  and  III  contain  my  own  and  Wade's  equivalents.  Readers  need  not 
trouble  too  much  about  the  pronunciation  of  these  syllables,  which  should 
be  looked  upon  as  mere  symbols  for  certain  sound  groups  to  which  the 
characters  to  be  transcribed  belong.  The  phonetic  principles  on  which 
the  several  sounds  are  here  described  correspond  in  spirit  to  those  adopted 
by  the  Royal  Geographical  Society  of  London t  and  the  United  States 
Board  on  Geographical  names. J  The  "Instructions"  here  inserted  have 
been  made  to  correspond  as  much  as  possible  to  the  English  and  American 
standards  referred  to. 

*  See  Professor  Schlegel's  paper,  "On  the  extended  use  of  the  Peking  system  of  orthography  for 
the  Chinese  language"  (published  in  T'oung  pao,  vol.  vi,  p.  499  seqq.,  Leiden,  1896),  reproducing  Mr. 
W.  F.  Mayers'  remarks,  who,  being  himself  a  prominent  speaker  of  the  Peking  dialect,  warns  against 
its  use  for  literary  purposes. 

t  See  "Rules  for  the  Orthography  of  Geographical  Names,"  published  by  the  Council  of  the  Royal 
Geographical  Society  on  December  11,   1891. 

J  See  "Second  Report  of  the  United  States  Board  on  Geographical  Names,"  1890-1899.  Second 
edition,  Washington,  March,  1901. 


SYLLABARY  OP  CHINESE  SOUNDS.  513 

PRONUNCIATION. 

An  approximation  only  of  the  true  sound  is  aimed  at  in  this  system. 
The  vowels  are  to  be  pronounced  as  in  Italian  and  on  the  continent  of 
Europe  generally,  and  the  consonants  as  in  English;  but  note  certain  slight 
modifications  as  described  hereunder. 

Vowels  and  Diphthongs. 
a  has  the  sound  of  a  in  father.     Examples :  ma,  horse ;  sha,  sand ;  wan,  a  bay ;  shan> 

mountain;  nan,  south. 
e  or  €  has  the  sound  of  e  in  men.     Examples:  Men,  a  district;  mien,  face,  surface;  sue, 

snow;  fie,  iron;  ye,  wild;  hue,  cavern;  t'ien,  field;  yen,  salt, 
i  has  the  sound  of  i  in  ravine,  or  of  ee  in  beet.     Examples:  si,  west;  tsi,  rocks  under 

water;  k'i,  a  rivulet;  ni,  mud;  i  (also  read  yi),  city,  hamlet. 
Note  :  i  is  short  as  i  in  sin,  or  i  in  view,  when  followed  by  n,  by  another  vowel 
or  a  diphthong.     Examples:  kin,  gold;  ts'ing,  blue;  kia,  family;  kiang, 
river;  tien,  palace;  k'iau,  bridge;  k'iai,  a  model, 
i'  signifies  that  a  vowel  is  to  be  intonated  simultaneously  with  the  adjoining  sonant  • 


See  Note  2,  below.     Examples:  c/z'i',  a  pool  or  lake;  shi,  stone,  rock;./*', 


sun;  ssi\  a  township;  tz'i,  porcelain;  ir,  two. 
o  has  the  sound  of  o  in  mote.     Examples:  so,  a  place;  ho, a  river ;_/<?,  Buddha;  po, 

a  marshy  lake. 
6  has  the  sound  of  6  in  German,  Hungarian,   Swedish,  Norwegian  and  Danish,  or 

of  eu  in  French  jeu,  or  of  0  in  English  love.     Examples:  mon,  gate,  door; 
shbng,  a  province;  to,  virtue. 
Note:  To  describe  this  sound  Wade  makes  use  of  the  symbol  e  familiar  to 
speakers  of   French  in   such  words   as  honnete,  where  it   has    quite 
a   different  sound,  though,  from    the   one    it    stands  for    in   Wade's 
orthography, 
u  has  the  sound  of  00  in  boot.     Examples:  hu,  lake;  hu,  valley;  fu,  a  prefecture. 

Note :  u  is  short  when  preceding n, a,  0, or  adiphthong.   Examples :  t'un,  village ; 
tung,    east;  kuang,  broad;  ch'uan,  river,  water    courses,  Ssi-ch'uan 
province;    chuang,     a    farm;    huang,   yellow;    kuan,    frontier    pass 
custom-house;  tuan,  short;  kuo,  kingdom;  k'uai,  quick. 
ii  is  the  umlaut  of  u  and  has  the  sound  of  u  in  French  elu.     Examples:  su,  an  islet; 

kit,  embankment;  k'U,  a  drain;  hu,  market-place. 
Note  :  u  is  short  when  preceding  n,  a, or  e.     Examples :  sun,  a  military  station ; 
ts'uan,  fountain;  yuan,  source;  sue,  snow;  yiie,  moon, 
ai         has  the  sound  of  i  in  ice.     Examples:  hai,  sea;  t'ai,  terrace,  tower;  ch'ai,  strong- 
hold, hill  fortress;  ai,  cliff,  ledge, 
au        has  the  sound  of  owin  how.     Examples:  ati,  a  bay,  cove;  kau,  high;  lau,  old; 

miau,  temple, 
e'i  has  the  sound  of  Italian  e  and  i  combined,  somewhat   like   cy  in  English  they. 

Examples:  hci,  black;  lei,  thunder;  met,  coal;  pet,  north;  wet,  tail  end. 
ou        is  a  diphthong  in  which  the  two  elements  are  distinctly  intonated,  as  in  t'ou,  head ; 
which  should  have  the  sound  of  the  first  word  in  Hebrew  tohu  bohu  with- 
out its   h.     Examples:  lou,  a  house  with  an  upper  story;   k'6u,  a  mouth, 
embouchure,  a  port;  kdu,  a  ditch;  hou,  after,  behind; /ou,  a  mound, 
ui        sounds  like  ooi,  contracted  into  a  diphthong,  or  like  ui  in  German  pfui.     Examples : 
shui,  water,  river;  hui,  whirling  waters;  tui,  a  heap  (as  of  rocks). 


/ 


514  RESEARCH   IN   CHINA. 

Consonants. 

Note  :  The  initials,  k,  p,tc,k,  ts,  and  tz  should  not  be  quite  as  hard  as  in  English, 
though  decidedly  harder  than  g,  b,  d,  dj,  and  dz.  Thus  the  initial  in 
kan,  sweet,  should  hold  about  the  middle  between  the  initials  in  English 
gone  and  con.  To  indicate  that  k,  p,  t,  ch,  ts,  and  tz  should  be  pro- 
nounced as  hard  as  possible  an  asper  is  placed  after  them,  which  some 
printing  offices  replace  by  an  apostrophe.  Examples:  kan,  sweet;  k'an,  a 
pit;  ping-,  soldier;  p'ing,  even,  level;  to,  many;  lo-t'o,  a  camel;  chau, 
morning;  ck'au,  a  dynasty;  tsiau,  half- tide  rocks;  ts-'iau,  mountainous; 
tzi,  purple;  tz'i-ki,  gentle,  or  motherly,  pleasure  (principal  name  of  the 
Empress  Dowager). 

ch  has  the  sound  of  ch  in  church,  slightly  softer  when  not  marked  and  slightly  harder 
when  marked  by  an  asper.  Examples:  ckou,  island;  ck'o'ng,  walled  city. 
When  followed  by  i,  the  vowel  disappears  in  it.     See  below,  Note  2. 

k  ~\        as  in  English,  king,  poll,  and  tall,  but  slightly  softer,  and  harder  when  marked  by 

pr  an   asper.     Examples:    kdu,    ditch,    drain;   k'ong,   a   pit;    pan,   a    police 

t  '  ward;  p'u  shore,  branch  of  a  river;  tau,  island;  fan,  a  rapid. 

ts  slightly  softer  than  the  two  consonants  would  sound  in  English,  and  harder  when 

provided  with  an  asper.     Examples:  iso,  a  pool;  ts'un,  village. 

tz  similar  to  ts,  the  vowel  disappearing  in  the  sibilant.     Examples:  tzi,  son;  tz'i 

a  hall.     See  below,  Note  2. 

f  as  in  English.     Examples :  fong,  summit,  peak;  fdu,  a  mound. 

h  as  in  English,  or  as  x  in  Spanish  Xeres,  both  pronunciations  being  heard  in  North 

China.     Examples:  hung,  red;  kite,  a  cavern;  hia,  a  gorge. 

j  as  j  in  French  jeu,  and  not  as  in  English.     Examples :  j'on,  man;  jo,  hot.     When 

followed  by  i  the  vowel  disappears  in  it.     See  below,  Note  2. 

As  in  English.  Examples:  ling,  a  mountain  pass,  range;  mi,  rice;  ni,  mud;  an, 
a  small  temple;  kuan,  an  inn. 

dental,  not  gutteral,  merely  occurs  in  combination  with  the  vowel  i,  which  dis- 
appears in  it,  so  that  it  is  difficult  to  say  whether  it  is  an  initial  or  a  final. 
See  below,  Note  2.     Example:  i'r,  two. 

sh  as  in  English  show.  Examples:  sh a ng,  above.  When  followed  by  i,  the  vowel 
disappears  in  it.     See  below,  Note  2.     Example:  ski',  ten. 

ss  is  a  sharp  sibilant,  as  in  English  mess,  in  which  the  vowel  i  disappears.  Example: 
ssi,  a  monastery.     See  below,  Note  2. 

w         as  in  English.     Example:  wan,  gulf,  bay. 

y  a  consonant,  as  in  English  yard.     Examples:  ye,  wild  land;  yen,  a  precipice;  yingt 

a  military  camp;  yuan,  an  eddy. 

ng  as  a  final,  as  ng  in  English  song.  Examples:  t'ing,  an  inferior  prefecture ;  tsing, 
a  well ;  yang,  ocean ;  hang,  hill,  ridge ;  chung,  middle ;  fang,  dyke,  pool ; 
lung,  a  cave.  In  certain  words  beginning  with  a,  6,  or  0,  ng  is  optional  as 
an  initial,  and  should  not  appear  in  any  transcription.  Thus  an,  repose,  is 
by  some  individuals  pronounced  ngan,  for  which  reason  we  often  read 
Si-ngan-fu  instead  of  Si-an-fu. 
NOTE  I.  The  accent  in  the  vocalic  combinations  6u,  i£,  and  ue,  shows  which 
of  the  two  vowels  is  to  be  intonated  foremost ;  it  is  otherwise  not  essential, 
and  it  must  not  be  mistaken  for  a  word-accent- 


SYLLABARY  OF  CHINESE  SOUNDS. 


515 


NOTE  2.  I  have  comprised  under  one  category  what  I  call  "the  six  difficult  sounds," 
viz,  chi,  shi,  Ji,  ssi,  tzi,  and  ir.  By  the  symbol  i,  which  I  have  borrowed  from  Edkins 
I  wish  to  indicate  the  simultaneous  intonation  of  a  vowel,  no  matter  which,  with  the 
adjoining  sonant  (ch,  sh,J,  ss,  tz,  or  r).  I  have,  at  a  meeting  of  the  Far-Eastern  Section 
of  the  XII  International  Congress  of  Orientalists,  held  at  Rome  October  10th,  1899,  ex" 
plained  the  reasons  which  have  led  me  to  use  a  uniform  symbol  for  the  vocalic  elements 
of  these  six  sounds,  which  appear  as  chih,  shih,jih,ssu,  tzu  and  erh  respectively,  in  Wade's, 
and  as  chi  or  chih, shi, sh'  or  shihjeh,  szttsz,  and  'rh  in  Williams' orthography.  On  refer- 
ring to  the  old  Chinese  sound  description  quoted  in  K'ang-hi's  Dictionary,  it  will  be  found 
that  syllables  are  there  explained  by  the  so-called  "cutting  sound"  method  (ts'id-yin). 
It  consists  of  two  characters,  of  which  the  first  indicates  the  initial,  the  second,  the  final 
together  with  the  vocalic  content  of  the  sound  to  be  described.  Since  the  six  syllables 
referred  to  have,  in  the  modern  Mandarin  dialects,  no  consonant  as  a  final,  the  second 
character  of  their  "cutting  sound"  represents  merely  their  vocalic  content  pure  and 
simple.  And  with  regard  to  this  vocalic  content,  uniformity  may  be  shown  to  have  been 
assumed  by  Chinese  sound  investigators  in  cases  which  in  former  systems  are  described 
by  very  different  symbols.    A  few  examples  will  illustrate  this: 

Wade  spells    i\    chih,  K'ang-hi's  analysis  has  ls\   J^   *ch(i-sh)i=chi 

"       -^p     ssu  "  "  "    ^T    j^      s{iang--sh)i=ssi 

"       Ht    **,         "  "  "    W     JL*    rj(png-sh)i=ri,  or  ir 

It  will  be  seen  that  in  these  three  cases  the  Chinese  express  the  final,  or  vocalic  ele- 
ment in  a  uniform  manner  by  &  shi*  whereas  Wade  expresses  it  in  three  different  ways 
by  ih,  it  and  e.     Furher 

Wade  spells  ^g     shih,  K'ang-hi's  analysis  has  "fj*    £  sh(6u-ck)i=shi 

"    ,'Q    jj^  rj{6n-ch)i=  ri,  or  ir 

"  "  "  ,T]|      y*  sh(i-ch)i=shi. 

"  "         "    /^    ^r  rj'(on-ch)i=  ri,  or  ir. 

"         "     jjjt    £  ts(in-ch)i=tsi,  or  tzi. 

"  "        "     _«,    JC^  ch(pn-r)i=  chi. 

•'     ^      n  ch(i-ji)  =  chi. 

"    \^    W  j\on-ch)i=ji. 


A 

erh 

# 

shih 

* 

erh 

& 

tzu 

z. 

chih 

* 

chih 

a 

jih 

\  *The  character  for  /*,  "an  officer,"  (read  aftf  ad  hoc  {-ifa      £      Xf\     -^T     rT*     •  K'ang-hi). 


1 


516  RESEARCH   IN   CHINA. 

The  last  two  examples  are  cases  in  which  the  old  sound  had  a  consonant  at  the  end ; 
they  are  read  chat  and  yat  in  Cantonese.     But  since  no  difference  in  sound  is  now  heard 

between    Wf     chi  (Cantonese  chat)  and  ^f      chi  (Cantonese  chi),  we  are  by  analogy 

entitled  to  describe  the  sound  for  £J  (Cantonese  yat)  as  j'i  in  Mandarin. 

The  symbol  i  thus  denotes  the  amalgamation  of  a  vowel  with  the  adjoining  sonant- 
I  have  also  used  it  to  describe  the  sound  ei  in  lei,  mei,  etc.,  the  i  of  which  is  but  faintly 
heard  by  the  side  of  e. 

Note  3.  I  have  followed  the  precedent  set  by  Dr.  Bretschneider  in  omitting  the 
final  h  at  the  end  of  certain  syllables,  which  in  former  systems  was  meant  to  indicate  that 
a  consonant  (t,  k,  or  p)  appears  in  its  stead  in  ancient  Chinese  and  in  the  Southern  dia- 
lects. Thus  the  word  for  "wood"  used  to  be  spelt  muh,  because  its  Cantonese,  and  prob- 
able ancient  sound  is  muk.  Bretschneider  spells  mu,  because  this  is  the  sound  actually 
heard  in  Northern  China,  the  h  at  the  end  having  none  but  historical  value.  When  it 
is  of  importance  to  indicate  the  old  final,  I  prefer  to  describe  the  word  by  "mu  (Canton 
Dial,  muk)." 


IIVE      TY 


s^UFOgg; 


SYLLABARY. 

I. 

Williams. 

II. 
Hirth. 

III. 
Wade. 

I. 

Williams. 

II. 
Hirth. 

III. 
Wade. 

ai 

* 

ai 

ai 

ch'eh 

«. 

ch'6 

ch'e 

ang 

?? 

ang 

ang 

cheu 

*H 

chou 

chou 

cha  ~l 

chah  ) 

ch'a   "I 
ch'ahj 
chai 

ft 
% 

cha 

ch'a 
chai 

cha 

ch'a 
chai 

ch'eu 

chi    -) 
chih) 

ch'i    "l 
ch'ih  ) 

f 

ch'6u 
chi 

ch'i 

ch'ou 
chih 

ch'ih 

ch'ai 

«t 

ch'ai 

ch'ai 

ching 

iE 

chong 

cheng 

chan 

it, 

chan 

chan 

ch'ing 

$. 

ch'ong 

ch'eng 

ch'an 

i 

ch'an 

ch'an 

choh 

# 

cho 

cho 

chan 

Mr 

chon 

chen 

ch'oh 

%. 

ch'o 

ch'o 

chen 
ch'an 

chan 
ch'on 

chan 
ch'en 

chu    ") 
chuh  ) 

chu 

chu 

ch'en 
chang 

ch'an 
chang 

ch'an 
chang 

ch'u   "I 
ch'uh  ) 

ch'u 

ch'u 

ch'ang 

a- 

ch'ang 

ch'ang 

chui 

i 

chui 

chui 

chang 

ft 

chong 

cheng 

ch'ui 

»i* 

ch'ui 

ch'ui 

ch'ang 

* 

ch'ong 

ch'eng 

chun 

-•ft 

chun 

chun  ] 

chao 

03 

chau 

chao 

ch'un 

& 

ch'un  [ 

ch'un 

ch'ao 

^ 

*> 

ch'au 

ch'ao 

chung 

+ 

chung 

chung 

che" 

it 

cho 

che 

ch'ung 

* 

ch'ung 

ch'ung 

ch'e" 

* 

ch'6 

ch'e 

chwa 

i& 

chua 

chua 

cheh 

*T 

cho 

che 

chw'ai 

& 

ch'uai 

ch'uai 
5«7 

i8 

RESEARCH 

IN   CHINA. 

I. 

II. 

III. 

I 

II. 

III. 

Williams. 

Hirth. 

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RESEARCH   IN   CHINA. 


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RESEARCH   IN   CHINA. 


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OF  CHINESE   SOUNDS. 


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RESEARCH 

IN  CHINA. 

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Williams. 

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525 


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RESEARCH   IN   CHINA. 


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III. 
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SYLLABARY   OF 

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CHINESE   SOUNDS. 


527 


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528 

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wa 
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RESEARCH   IN   CHINA. 


4 


II. 

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wa 


wai 


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f 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 
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